Espectros clínicos y fisiopatológicos del síndrome de Bernardinelli Seip / Clinical and pathophysiological spectra of Bernardinelli Seip syndrome

Introducción: La lipodistrofia congénita de Berardinelli-Seip es un síndrome genético autosómico recesivo, caracterizado por la ausencia generalizada del tejido adiposo, el déficit de leptina y las alteraciones metabólicas incluidas la resistencia a la insulina, la esteatohepatitis y la hipertrigliceridemia. Objetivo: Definir los diferentes espectros clínicos y fisiopatológicos del síndrome y su relación con el fenotipo definiendo las estrategias terapéuticas actuales. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica no sistemática en las bases de datos Science Direct, EMBASE, LILACS, Redalyc, SciELO y PubMed. Los criterios de inclusión fueron publicaciones en inglés, portugués o español, en las que el título y las palabras clave, abordaban el tema planteado con una vigencia de 10 años. Se obtuvieron 50 artículos relacionados con el síndrome, de los cuales 30 fueron seleccionados para su revisión. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico de la enfermedad es principalmente clínico. Se establece en presencia de tres criterios mayores o la combinación de dos mayores con dos menores y/o por la identificación de variantes patogénicas por medio del estudio genético y molecular. La dieta y el ejercicio conjuntamente con la administración de la metreleptina son pilares fundamentales en el manejo de estos pacientes. El reconocimiento temprano del síndrome es esencial para prevenir las complicaciones, y brindar asesoría genética y reproductiva a los pacientes y familiares(AU)

Introduction: Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy is an autosomal recessive genetic syndrome, characterized by the general absence of adipose tissue, leptin deficiency and metabolic alterations including insulin resistance, steatohepatitis and hypertriglyceridemia. Objective: To present the different clinical and pathophysiological spectra of the syndrome, its relationship with the phenotype, defining the current therapeutic strategies. Methods: A non-systematic bibliographic search was carried out in Science Direct, EMBASE, LILACS, Redalyc, SciELO and PubMed databases. The inclusion criteria were publications in English, Portuguese and Spanish, in which the title and keywords included information pertinent to the stated objective with a periodicity of 10 years, 50 articles were retrieved, and 30 of them were selected. Conclusions: The diagnosis of the disease is mainly clinical. It is established in the presence of three major criteria or the combination of two major and two minor criteria and/or by the identification of pathogenic variants through genetic and molecular studies. Diet and exercise together with the administration of metreleptin are fundamental pillars in the management of these patients. Early recognition of the syndrome is essential to prevent complications, allowing genetic and reproductive counseling to be provided to patients and their families(AU)

Uso de metformina y un inhibidor de SGLT2 en el manejo de lipodistrofia congénita generalizada. Reporte de caso / Use of metformin and an SGLT2 inhibitor to treat congenital generalized lipodystrophy. Case report

Resumen Introducción. La lipodistrofia congénita generalizada (LCG) es un síndrome genético autosómico recesivo extremadamente raro que se caracteriza por ausencia generalizada de tejido adiposo, deficiencia en la producción de hormonas como la leptina y complicaciones metabólicas potencialmente serias como diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), esteatohepatitis e hipertrigliceridemia. Presentación del caso. Paciente femenina de 17 años con un diagnóstico tardío de LCG y con diabetes mellitus (erróneamente clasificada como tipo I), hipertrigliceridemia severa e infecciones a repetición. Luego de introducir metformina y un inhibidor del SGLT2 en el manejo de la paciente, se logró un adecuado control metabólico. Conclusión. Con frecuencia, el desconocimiento de algunas enfermedades huérfanas lleva a diagnósticos erróneos y, por tanto, a tratamientos inadecuados que en algunos casos pueden empeorar la condición clínica de los pacientes. Por lo anterior, en el caso de la LCG, es necesario que la comunidad médica tenga una mejor comprensión de sus aspectos diagnósticos y terapéuticos para brindar un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportunos.

Abstract Introduction: Generalized congenital lipodystrophy (GDL) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive genetic syndrome characterized by generalized absence of adipose tissue, deficient production of hormones such as leptin, and potentially serious metabolic complications such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), steatohepatitis and hypertriglyceridemia. Case presentation: This is the case of a 17-year-old female patient with a late diagnosis of GDL and with diabetes mellitus (erroneously classified as type 1), severe hypertriglyceridemia and recurrent infections. Adequate metabolic control was achieved after the introduction of metformin and an SGLT2 inhibitor. Conclusion: Lack of knowledge about some orphan diseases usually leads to misdiagnosis and, therefore, to inadequate treatments that may worsen the clinical condition of patients. Therefore, in the case of GDL, the medical community should have a better understanding of its diagnostic and therapeutic aspects in order to provide timely diagnosis and treatment.

Targeted massively parallel sequencing for congenital generalized lipodystrophy

ABSTRACT Objective: Our aim is to establish genetic diagnosis of congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) using targeted massively parallel sequencing (MPS), also known as next-generation sequencing (NGS). Subjects and methods: Nine unrelated individuals with a clinical diagnosis of CGL were recruited. We used a customized panel to capture genes related to genetic lipodystrophies. DNA libraries were generated, sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq, and bioinformatics analysis was performed. Results: An accurate genetic diagnosis was stated for all nine patients. Four had pathogenic variants in AGPAT2 and three in BSCL2. Three large homozygous deletions in AGPAT2 were identified by copy-number variant analysis. Conclusions: Although we have found allelic variants in only 2 genes related to CGL, the panel was able to identify different variants including deletions that would have been missed by Sanger sequencing. We believe that MPS is a valuable tool for the genetic diagnosis of multi-genes related diseases, including CGL.

Experiência de pessoas que vivem com a Síndrome de Berardinelli-Seip no Nordeste brasileiro / Experience of people living with the Berardinelli-Seip Syndrome in the Brazilian Northeast

Resumo O artigo analisa a experiência de pessoas que vivem com a Síndrome de Berardinelli-Seip no Nordeste brasileiro. Este estudo qualitativo foi desenvolvido com onze interlocutores, sendo nove pessoas vivendo com a síndrome e duas mães. Para coligir as informações, utilizaram-se observação participante, caracterização social e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os dados foram analisados por meio da técnica de codificação temática. Emergiram duas categorias: (1) 'o segredo é fechar a boca': gerenciamento da alimentação na vida cotidiana; e (2) 'ah, é uma travesti?' Corpo, gênero e masculinização. Concluiu-se que na experiência dos interlocutores seus agenciamentos e criatividade se traduziram em estratégias para gerenciamento da alimentação que integravam gostos, valores, hábitos, prescrições biomédicas e prazeres envolvidos em situações de comensalidade. No que tange à corporeidade, evidenciou-se que as representações e as experiências com o corpo apresentam desigualdades de gênero, na medida em que a mulher passa a ser alvo privilegiado de estigmas, preconceitos e discriminação na vida adulta.

Abstract This paper analyzes the experience of people living with the Berardinelli-Seip Syndrome in the Brazilian Northeast. This qualitative study was developed with eleven informants, namely, nine people living with the syndrome and two mothers. Information was gathered using participant observation, social characterization and semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed by means of a thematic coding technique. Two categories emerged: (1) 'the secret is to shut your mouth': food management in daily life; and (2) 'Ah, is it a transvestite?' body, gender, and masculinization. We concluded that, in the experience of the informants, their negotiations and creativity translated into strategies for food management that integrated tastes, values, habits, biomedical prescriptions and pleasures involved in commensality situations. Regarding corporeality, it has been shown that representations and experiences with the body show gender inequalities, insofar as women become privileged targets of stigmas, prejudices and discrimination in adult life.

Síndrome Berardinelli / Berardinelli syndrome

El síndrome Berardinelli es una enfermedad poco frecuente, con amplia heterogeneidad clínica y genética, clínicamente caracterizada por pérdida de tejido adiposo a nivel subcutáneo y de otros tejidos. Esta lipodistrofia generalizada congénita provoca hipertrofia muscular, asociada a trastornos endocrinos, con crecimiento acelerado durante la infancia, pubertad precoz e hiperglicemia. Está considerada una enfermedad metabólica rara, que se hereda de forma autosómico recesiva. En la actualidad se describen 4 variantes de este síndrome, con varios genes implicados. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir las características clínicas en una niña, en la cual su aspecto fenotípico recuerda este síndrome, por la lipodistrofia marcada y aumento de la musculatura desde la etapa de lactante, por lo cual se consideró necesaria la valoración en equipo multidisciplinario para su adecuado seguimiento y asesoramiento genético a sus familiares(AU)

Berardinelli syndrome is a rare disease, with broad clinical and genetic heterogeneity, and clinically characterized by loss of fatty tissue at subcutaneous level and of other tissues. This generalized congenital lipodystrophy causes muscle hypertrophy associated to endocrine disorders, accelerated growth at childhood, early puberty and hyperglycemia. It is considered as a rare metabolic disease and also recessive autosomal inheritance. Nowadays, four variants of the syndrome are described in which several gens are involved. The objective of this paper was to describe the clinical characteristics of a girl whose phenotypical aspect resembles this syndrome due to the marked lipodystrophy and increased musculature since her breastfeeding phase. Therefore, it was necessary to make an assessment by a multidisciplinary team for her adequate follow-up and the genetic counselling to her family(AU)

Lipodistrofia congénita generalizada en un paciente con anomalía de Dandy Walker / Congenital generalized lipodystrophy in pacient with Dandy Walker anomaly

La asociación entre la lipodistrofia congénita generalizada y la anomalía de Dandy Walker no es habitual. Se reporta el caso de una niña de 1 año de edad que ingresa al hospital a los 4 meses por riesgo social, con diagnóstico de anomalía de Dandy Walker. Durante su internación, se evidencia en forma progresiva aspecto acromegaloide, facies triangular, hirsutismo, lipoatrofia, hipertrofia muscular, clitoromegalia, distensión abdominal con hepatomegalia progresiva e hpertrigliceridernia. Se arriba así al diagnóstico clínico de lipodistrofia congénita generalizada. Se revisan los aspectos clínicos y el seguimiento interdisciplinario para la detección oportuna de insulinorresistencia y diabetes, pubertad precoz, miocardiopatía, entre otras. Respecto de la anomalía de Dandy Walker, se realizan controles evolutivos en búsqueda de la aparición de signos de hipertensión endocraneana. Por el carácter autosómico recesivo de la lipodistrofia congénita generalizada, es importante realizar el asesoramiento genético a los padres.

The objective of this study is to describe the unexpected association between the congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) and Dandy Walker anomaly. We report the case of a 1-year-old infant who was hospitalized at her fourth month of life with Dandy Walker anomaly diagnosis and an increased social risk. During her hospitalization, she developed progressively: acromegaloid aspect, triangular fascia, hirsutism, lipoatrophy, muscle hypertrophy, clitoromegaly, abdominal distention, progressive hepatomegaly, and hypertriglyceridemia. This led to the clinical diagnosis of congenital generalized lipodystrophy. Importance shouldbe given to the examination of clinical aspects as well as the interdisciplinary follow-up for proper detection of insulin resistance and diabetes, early puberty, cardiomyopathy, among others. In case of Dandy Walker anomaly, it should be checked the evolution to search intracranial hypertension signs. Due to its autosomal recessive nature, it is important to provide genetic counseling to the parents.

Síndrome de Berardinelli-Seip: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Berardinelli-Seip syndrome: case report and review of literature

Resumen: El síndrome de Berardinelli-Seip, una lipodistrofia congénita, es una enfermedad metabólicarara que se caracteriza por una lipodistrofia generalizada grave, resistencia a la insulinay dislipidemia. La enfermedad se asocia con varias manifestaciones dermatológicas y sistémicas.Las complicaciones incluyen miocardiopatía hipertrófica, hígado graso con disfunción hepática,hipertrofia muscular y varias alteraciones endocrinas. Se presenta un caso de este tipode lipodistrofia en una mujer de 18 años de edad, que ingresa con un cuadro de hiperglucemia sinevidencia de cetoacidosis o de estado hiperosmolar hiperglucémico, con hepatomegalia, signosde resistencia a la insulina y ausencia de tejido adiposo. Después de los análisis complementarios,se le diagnosticó síndrome de Berardinelli-Seip. El reconocimiento temprano de la lipodistrofiacongénita es esencial para prevenir las complicaciones, y permite una asesoría genética y reproductivade los pacientes y sus familias. Se incluye también una breve revisión de la literatura.

Abstract: Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy is a rare metabolic disorder characterized bysevere generalized lipodystrophy, insulin resistance, and dyslipedemia. The condition is associatedwith various dermatological and systemic manifestations. Complications include hypertrophiccardiomyopathy, a fatty liver with hepatic dysfunction, muscular hypetrophy, and various endocrinedisturbances. We report a case of this form of lipodystrophy in an 18-year-old female who wasadmitted with hyperglycaemia without evidence of ketoacidosis or hyperglycemic hyperosmolarstate, with hepatomegaly, signs of insulin resistance and absence of adipose tissue. After furtherinvestigation, a diagnosis of Berardinelli-Seip syndrome was made. Early recognition of congenitallipodystrophy is essential to prevent complications, and allows genetic and reproductive counselingto patients and their families. A brief review of the literature is also included.

Congenital generalized lipodystrophy of Berardinelli-Seip type: A rare case.

Congenital generalized lipodystrophy of Berardinelli-Seip type is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by nearly complete absence of adipose tissue and a consequent generalized muscular appearance, which is recognized easily at birth. The condition is associated with various dermatological and systemic manifestations. We report a case of this form of lipodystrophy. The patient had several cutaneous manifestations, including severe acanthosis nigricans, generalized hyperpigmentation, curly scalp hair, prominent subcutaneous veins, and enlarged clitoris. She also had associated celiac disease.

Síndrome de Berardinelli-Seip: descrição genética e metabólica de cinco pacientes / Genetic and metabolic description of five patients with Berardinelli-Seip syndrome

OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil genético e metabólico de portadores da síndrome de Berardinelli-Seip (BSCL) acompanhados no Instituto da Criança do HC-FMUSP. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Pacientes com as características clínicas da BSCL (n = 5), todas do sexo feminino, foram avaliadas com dosagens de glicose e insulina, lípides, leptina, enzimas hepáticas, análise de DNA, ultrassonografia abdominal. RESULTADOS: A deficiência de leptina e a hipertrigliceridemia foram constatadas nas cinco pacientes. Três evoluíram para diabetes melito (DM). Quatro tiveram mutação no gene AGPAT2 e uma no gene CAV1. CONCLUSÃO: As alterações metabólicas mais precoces foram a hipertrigliceridemia e a resistência insulínica, culminando no surgimento do DM à época da puberdade, sendo as mutações no gene AGPAT2 as mais frequentes em nossa casuística.

OBJECTIVE: To report the genetic and metabolic profile of patients with Berardinelli-Seip syndrome (BSCL) followed at Instituto da Criança, HC-FMUSP. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Patients with clinical features of BSCL (n = 5), all female, were evaluated through serum levels of glucose, insulin, lipids, leptin, and liver enzymes. Abdominal sonography and DNA analysis were also performed. RESULTS: Leptin deficiency and hypertriglyceridemia were found in all the patients. Three progressed to diabetes mellitus. Four patients have mutations in AGPAT2 gene and one have a mutation in CAV1 gene. CONCLUSION: The earliest metabolic abnormalities were hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance, culminating in the onset of diabetes at the time of puberty. Mutations in the AGPAT2 gene were the most frequent in our patients.